England - Eastern
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A1(M)
Proposals to upgrade the full length of A1 to motorway standard were considered but never fully adopted. There are two lengths upgraded in the eastern Region and several lengths in North Eastern Region where upgrading work is still under way.
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A14
When the Bedfordshire sub unit of the Eastern Road Construction Units was established its original design briefs included the M11 Cambridge Western Bypass, the A45 Cambridge Northern Bypass, the A45 Bury St Edmunds bypass and with a lowly priority the A45/A11 bypass of Newmarket. At that time the concept was perceived of a series of local bypasses on the A45. The emphasis to the west of Cambridge was on the improvement of the existing A45 towards St Neots.
Length: 204.39 / 127
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M1
The first stage to be built was that between Berrygrove and Crick. The London-Birmingham motorway was given priority because of the "immediate and very substantial relief which it could give to the two heavily overloaded trunk roads A5 and A6". The 74 miles of the London - Birmingham motorway to Crick constituted the "first full scale motorway to be constructed" in the UK and was in fact the southern part of the London-Yorkshire motorway, the M1.
Length: 311 / 193
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M10
At Beechtrees the MI joins the M10, also a dual two-lane carriageway, which runs for a short distance southeast to join the A5 at Park Street. These lengths of M 1 and M 10 constitute the St Albans by-pass and were designed for the Ministry of Transport by the Hertfordshire County Council.
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M11
The whole 55-mile length of the M11 lies in the Eastern Region from Junction 4 with the A406 North Circular Road (there are no Junctions 1 to 3) to Junction 14 and A14/A428 north-west of Cambridge.
Length: 88.50 / 55
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M25
M25, although it is now looked on as an entity for a complete radial route of London, has developed in a piece-meal fashion, with each length having to be proposed statutorily and justified on its own merits. Individual lengths have been taken forward more quickly or slowly according to the problems encountered in passing through the statutory procedures. This has meant that differing lengths may seem to have been brought into service in an apparently haphazard way, but the intention has always been to make the different lengths available to traffic at the earliest opportunity - for the benefit of both the road users and the communities relieved of traffic.
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M45
The first stage to be built was that between Berrygrove and Crick. The London-Birmingham motorway was given priority because of the "immediate and very substantial relief which it could give to the two heavily overloaded trunk roads A5 and A6". The 74 miles of the London - Birmingham motorway to Crick constituted the "first full scale motorway to be constructed" in the UK and was in fact the southern part of the London-Yorkshire motorway, the M1.
Length: 119.09 / 74
See on MapEngland - London
- Read an introduction to England - London, and see its General Archive Information (Where available)
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A102(M)
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A40(M) Westway and M41 West Cross Route
These were two of the four independent sections of urban motorway in London, all built by the Greater London Council (GLC) during the period 1967 to 1973, funded by the Council with 25% government grant.
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M25
M25, although it is now looked on as an entity for a complete radial route of London, has developed in a piece-meal fashion, with each length having to be proposed statutorily and justified on its own merits. Individual lengths have been taken forward more quickly or slowly according to the problems encountered in passing through the statutory procedures. This has meant that differing lengths may seem to have been brought into service in an apparently haphazard way, but the intention has always been to make the different lengths available to traffic at the earliest opportunity - for the benefit of both the road users and the communities relieved of traffic.
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England - Midlands
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A38(M) Aston Expressway
In the 1960's Birmingham was reaching its peak as a heavily industrialised manufacturing city. The principal road network was becoming progressively congested due to increased business activity and growth in road transport. One of the key routes affected was the A38 between Birmingham City centre and Salford Bridge, which served as the transport corridor to the north and north-east of the city.
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M1
The first stage to be built was that between Berrygrove and Crick. The London-Birmingham motorway was given priority because of the "immediate and very substantial relief which it could give to the two heavily overloaded trunk roads A5 and A6". The 74 miles of the London - Birmingham motorway to Crick constituted the "first full scale motorway to be constructed" in the UK and was in fact the southern part of the London-Yorkshire motorway, the M1.
Length: 311 / 193
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M42
Birmingham's history can be traced back to Anglo-Saxon times and it is mentioned in the Doomsday Book. By the end of the 13th Century it was a fair sized market town and the Bull Ring was the meeting point for the local road system. Birmingham developed into a large town and city after the Industrial Revolution.
Length: 43.45 / 27
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M5
In 1957 the Ministry of Transport had plans for three main elements of the National Motorway Network, namely the London-Yorkshire Motorway, M1, the Birmingham-South Wales Motorway, M5 and the Birmingham-Preston Motorway, M6. The most important missing element was the link between these three schemes.
Length: 106.22 / 66
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M50
The M50 was one of the earliest Motorways to be built in the United Kingdom and was started in March 1958 while the Preston-By-Pass was still under construction. Thus it was very much an experimental contract in every way and this should have been reflected in the way it was handled.
Length: 35.41 / 22
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M54
Two roads of major historic importance traverse the area within which the M54 was built. These are the A5, Watling Street, which was part of the network of military roads built by the Romans in C.40 AD. The Watling Street connected Rochester in Kent to Wroxeter in Shropshire. The other road which came to prominence in the early nineteenth century was the A454/A41/A5, Birmingham to Holyhead Turnpike much of which was built by Thomas Telford in the early 1800's.
Length: 30 / 18.64
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M6
The M6 is the longest motorway in the UK, extending from Catthorpe (Junction 19 on the M1) to the Scottish border, north of Carlisle. It includes the first section of motorway constructed in the UK, the Preston by-pass, which opened in December 1958. Exactly 50 years later, the final section of the M6, between Carlisle and the Scottish border, was opened.
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M69
The planning brief was issued by the Midland Road Construction Unit (MRCU) to the Warwickshire County Council Sub Unit in 1968. The Sub Unit was required to study the traffic needs in the Strensham (M5/M50) to Leicester (M1/A46) corridor and between Birmingham, Coventry and Leicester (M6/A46/A47).
England - North Eastern
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A1
The A1 is the longest numbered road in the UK. It connects London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, with Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It passes through or near Hatfield, Stevenage, Letchworth, Peterborough, Leeds, York, Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne and Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Length: 658 / 409
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A1(M)
Proposals to upgrade the full length of A1 to motorway standard were considered but never fully adopted. There are two lengths upgraded in the eastern Region and several lengths in North Eastern Region where upgrading work is still under way.
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A167(M)
Newcastle upon Tyne that renowned county town of Northumberland, a city port having heavy industries including shipbuilding.
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A194(M)
The £1.6m contract for the White Mare Pool to Black Fell improvement of the A1 to dual carriageway standard and now designated A194(M) was undertaken by Brimms & Co Ltd. Work started on the contract in April 1968 and was completed in March 1970. The scheme included the construction of the Havannah Interchange with the B1288, the Follingsby Interchange and the A195 and Peareth Hall overbridge. The scheme was designed by the Durham County Council Sub-Unit of the NERCU.
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A58(M)
The crux of the problem in the City was the north - south road, Briggate, which the city had developed around and the east - west road, The Headrow, that crossed it in the centre. Through traffic was in excess of 40% and the answer proposed in 1955 was an inner ring road. By 1963 this had been raised to the status of a motorway, the first urban motorway in this country. As it was to be constructed in the heart of the city, land was at a premium, environmental intrusion on housing, business and hospital had to be minimised and the many existing main access roads kept functioning.
Length: 3.23 / 2
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A64(M)
The crux of the problem in the City was the north - south road, Briggate, which the city had developed around and the east - west road, The Headrow, that crossed it in the centre. Through traffic was in excess of 40% and the answer proposed in 1955 was an inner ring road. By 1963 this had been raised to the status of a motorway, the first urban motorway in this country.
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A66(M)
Darlington is an early industrial town based on the former N. E. R. locomotive works, iron and brass foundries and worsted mills. The history of the project is well documented.
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M1
The first stage to be built was that between Berrygrove and Crick. The London-Birmingham motorway was given priority because of the "immediate and very substantial relief which it could give to the two heavily overloaded trunk roads A5 and A6". The 74 miles of the London - Birmingham motorway to Crick constituted the "first full scale motorway to be constructed" in the UK and was in fact the southern part of the London-Yorkshire motorway, the M1.
Length: 311 / 193
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M18
The M18 joins the M1 at Thurcroft at the southern extremity of the North Eastern Region. It provides a connection to the A1(M) Doncaster By-pass at Wadworth before continuing north-eastwards to connect with the M62 at Rawcliffe, near Goole, thereby closing the motorway box around Doncaster. A connection is provided to M180, the South Humberside motorway.
Length: 42 / 26
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M180
The M180 South Humberside Motorway connects from the Tudworth Hall Link Road (A18(M)), which was built under the Hatfield-Thorne Contract, to the A18 South of Scunthorpe at Bottesford Moor.
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M606
The realignment of the M62 nearer to Bradford and Leeds presented an opportunity to provide a direct connection from the City to the motorway. Alternatives were examined, but the logical connection was thought to be a new road following one of several 100ft improvement lines included on the City's Development Plan. This extended southwards, through the green belt, from the City's Ring Road (now A6177) towards Chain Bar, the intersection of A58 and the A638 to Dewsbury.
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M62
In the late 1930's, as part of a national plan, it had been envisaged that a new road would be constructed from Liverpool to Hull, linking these ports with the industrial areas of South Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.
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M621
The Gildersome Street to Leeds Motorway M621 is basically a two lane dual carriageway of approximately 3 miles in length forming the link between the M62 Lancashire - Yorkshire Motorway and the Leeds South East Urban Motorway. For most of its length however, an additional crawler lane is provided on the steep gradient of the Northbound carriageway from Leeds. There are 12 structures on this length of motorway.
England - North Western
- Read an introduction to England - North Western, and see its General Archive Information (Where available)
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A57(M) Mancunian Way
The Mancunian Way, nearly 2 miles in length included the first section of truly urban motorway to be constructed in the Region.
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A601(M)
The construction of the 11½ mile Lancaster By-pass section of the M6, the County Council's second priority, had followed a year after the work on Preston By-pass had started.
Length: 18.51 / 11.50
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A627(M)
The A627 (M) was built as a 'principal road' motorway linking the towns of Rochdale and Oldham with the Lancashire-Yorkshire Motorway M62, and with each other. As distinct from a 'trunk road' motorway for which the Minister is responsible, a 'principal road' motorway has a Local Authority as the 'highway authority', with the project normally attracting a 75% grant from Central Government. The length between the M62 and Chadderton was, however, considered to be of sufficient importance to warrant a 100% grant, as a 'potential trunk road'.
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A666(M)
The outstanding feature of the 6½ mile section of the motorway south from Horwich was the construction of the Worsley Braided Interchange, connecting the M61 with the M62, A580 (East Lancashire Road) and the A666 (M) Kearsley Spur.
Length: 10.46 / 6.50
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M53
In the 1960's, Vauxhall Motors decided to build a car factory at Hooton, Ellesmere Port, on the site of a disused airfield. However, the existing road access was totally inadequate. A new road network was required within the immediate area, to serve the development. Not only was it essential for the supply of raw materials, and as a reasonable means of access for employees, but it was required also for the delivery of finished vehicles to markets in all parts of the country and abroad.
Length: 4 / 2.50
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M55
The Road Plan for Lancashire 1949 included a number of 'second Group Routes', with one of their junctions defined as connecting large towns to a 'first Group Route'. A 'link' to Blackpool from the proposed North-South Motorway was such a route, with the intention that it should be designed and constructed as a 'motorway'.
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M56
The need for a high standard modern road south of the River Mersey between the Merseyside and Manchester Conurbations was foreseen many years ago. Such a road was included in the Chapman Plan for Cheshire published in 1947, and the County Development Plan of 1958 defined a line agreed between the County Council and the Ministry Transport.
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M57
A proposal for Liverpool Outer Ring Road, extending from Sefton Town in the North to Gatacre in the South, was included in the 1949 Road Plan for Lancashire. It was to comprise lengths of new all-purpose road together with the substantial widening of existing roads.
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M58
The Road Plan for Lancashire 1949 contained proposals for improvements to the road network which included proposed by-passes of Up Holland and Skelmersdale. On confirmation of the choice of Skelmersdale for the site of a New Town, in the early 1960's, the line of Route 215 was drastically revised to form a continuous new route south of the New Town including a junction with the M6 at Orrell with proposals for its extension to the M61.
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M6
The M6 is the longest motorway in the UK, extending from Catthorpe (Junction 19 on the M1) to the Scottish border, north of Carlisle. It includes the first section of motorway constructed in the UK, the Preston by-pass, which opened in December 1958. Exactly 50 years later, the final section of the M6, between Carlisle and the Scottish border, was opened.
Related Sections
- M6 in Cheshire (J16 to J20)
- M6 Preston to Warrington (J20 to J29)
- M6 Preston By-pass (J29 to J32)
- M6 Preston to Lancaster (J32 to J33)
- M6 The Lancaster by-pass and the Carnforth Link roads A601(M) (J33 to J35)
- M6 through Westmorland (J35 to J40)
- M6 Penrith By-pass (J40 to J41)
- M6 Carlisle By-pass & Penrith to Carlisle (J41 to J44) and extension to the Scottish border
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M602
East of Warrington, the A57 is a County road and passes through the centre of the Borough of Eccles, to the boundary with the City of Salford. The 1949 Road Plan for Lancashire included a proposal for improving the road in the Borough to a dual two-lane standard, but it was recognised that this would require extensive property demolition.
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M61
The 1949 Road Plan had proposed an Express Route between Manchester and Preston, to be achieved by improving sections of the A6 and constructing several town and village bypasses. However, by the early 1960's it became evident that there was a strong case for building a motorway, linking the proposed M62 at Worsley with the M6 near Preston.
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M62
In the late 1930's, as part of a national plan, it had been envisaged that a new road would be constructed from Liverpool to Hull, linking these ports with the industrial areas of South Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.
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M65
Proposals for a new route along the Calder Valley did not feature in the Road Plan for Lancashire 1949. Several reasons account for this, namely that, i) it was envisaged that, the Liverpool-Leeds Trunk Road A59 along the Ribble Valley, to the north of the Calder Valley, would be improved by the provision of local by-passes of places such as Clitheroe and Whalley, and ii) historically the textile manufacturing towns of North East Lancashire had a close relationship with Manchester, as the commercial centre for the industry and, therefore, improved north-south communications were of greater significance.
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M66
Route 9 in the Road Plan for Lancashire 1949 was described as 'tapping the industrial area of East Lancashire north of Manchester'. It was intended to replace the A56 as far as the northern termination of the proposed Bury By-pass, it would follow the existing A56 Trunk Road to Edenfield, and then the A680 corridor to its junction with Route 8 near Whalley. Haslingden would be by-passed. Burnley and Blackburn traffic would connect with the Route at Edenfield and Haslingden respectively.
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M67
The A57 Trunk Road from Denton to Mottram-in-Longendale had been seen to be in need of improvement for many years and proposals for its upgrading go back to the inter-War period. In 1965 the Ministry of Transport asked Sir William Halcrow & Partners to report on a route selected by the County Surveyor of Cheshire and this led, in stages, to the development of the design to partial urban and partial rural motorway standards. Its place in the system of motorways around Manchester is that of a radial route in an easterly direction from the Manchester Outer Ring Road, to which it would eventually be connected via the proposed Denton Relief Road. It was the intention that, in due course, the motorway would be extended as an improved route through to Sheffield.
England - South Eastern
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A3(M)
To the east of M27 the six mile length of A3(M) from Horndean to Bedhampton takes the route of A3 out of the built-up areas between Horndean and Cosham and was presumably designated as motorway because at that time (1976) it was assumed it would be connecting directly to the M27 motorway. It was completed in 1979.
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M2
This was one of the very early motorways, constructed between 1961 and 1963. It is a 25 mile long stretch of motorway designed to by-pass A2 where the latter ran through the Medway Towns. The rest of A2 was upgraded as an all purpose trunk road, but with the section into Dover remaining as single carriageway, and M20 became the main link to the ports of Folkestone and Dover and eventually to the Channel Tunnel.
Length: 40 / 25
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M20
A20 from Folkestone to Dover is the only non-motorway section of trunk road in the South East Archive since it forms an essential part of the link to the Channel port of Dover. Having taken the decision that the main motorway link from London to Folkestone and Dover should be via M20 rather than M2, it was necessary to provide a high standard link for the final section.
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M23
In the 1960s, when Governments drew up their programme for the completion of the first 1000 miles of motorway during the 1970s, the M23 was included. It was intended to link London with Gatwick Airport, Crawley and the Sussex coast around Brighton. It would also relieve pressure on the A23 and the towns and villages through which the road passed. The line of the motorway between Pease Pottage in West Sussex and Mitcham in the London Borough of Merton was fixed in 1968. The length between Pease Pottage and Hooley was constructed and opened in 1974.
Length: 64.37 / 40
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M25
M25, although it is now looked on as an entity for a complete radial route of London, has developed in a piece-meal fashion, with each length having to be proposed statutorily and justified on its own merits. Individual lengths have been taken forward more quickly or slowly according to the problems encountered in passing through the statutory procedures. This has meant that differing lengths may seem to have been brought into service in an apparently haphazard way, but the intention has always been to make the different lengths available to traffic at the earliest opportunity - for the benefit of both the road users and the communities relieved of traffic.
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M26
The M26 came into being following the decision to turn M25 to the North to complete the ring via the Dartford crossing. Sometimes referred to as the Wrotham Spur it serves as a link between M25 and M20 and the Channel ports.
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M27 The South Coast Motorway
The M27 was developed from the long-standing route for a new South Coast Road established in the late 1930s, when a new dual carriageway route with at grade junctions was identified by the County Surveyor of Hampshire and used for development control purposes.
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M3
The section from Sunbury to Popham, comprising 4 contracts completed between May 1971 and June 1974, was part of the original London to Basingstoke motorway. Conceived as a trunk road soon after the second World War, and intended to relieve the existing A30 between London and Basingstoke, a large number of potential routes were considered before orders were eventually published, by now for a motorway. Following a Public Inquiry in 1966, the route was fixed in 1967.
England - South Western
- Read an introduction to England - South Western, and see its General Archive Information (Where available)
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M32
The future road pattern proposed in the Bristol City Development plan prepared in accordance with the Town and Country Planning Act envisaged a "spiders web" of radial routes linked by four ring roads bounded in the north east by the M4 Motorway, the north west by the M5 Motorway and the Southwest by the Tideway of the River Avon.
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M48
The concept of a crossing of the Severn Estuary had certainly existed since early in the 19th century. It was first solved by the railway companies, initially by a train/passenger ferry/train transfer at purpose-built jetties at both shores of the estuary, later by the building of the tunnel. Until the Severn Bridge was opened road transport to and from Wales via the A40 crossed the Severn at Gloucester and took the tortuous route via Ross-on Wye and Monmouth, or through the Forest of Dean and Chepstow. As a possible alternative light vehicles might take the inadequate and irregular ferry between Beachley and Aust.
Length: 15.29 / 9.50
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M5
In 1957 the Ministry of Transport had plans for three main elements of the National Motorway Network, namely the London-Yorkshire Motorway, M1, the Birmingham-South Wales Motorway, M5 and the Birmingham-Preston Motorway, M6. The most important missing element was the link between these three schemes.
Length: 106.22 / 66
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Northern Ireland
- Read an introduction to Northern Ireland, and see its General Archive Information (Where available)
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M1 to M2(NI)
In 1938 C S Meik and Halcrow produced a report on the Cross River Traffic Problem in Belfast for the Ministry of Home Affairs. There was a further study by H E Aldington in 1950.
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M1(NI)
The 1946 Planning Commission line for the South Approach Road ran south of Lisburn and Lurgan and ended on the existing main road half way between Lurgan and Portadown. Some preliminary work had however been done on the selection of a route north of Portadown and well south of Dungannon towards Ballygawley.
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M12(NI)
The M12 spur at the Ballynacor junction on the M1 serves traffic to and from Craigavon and the Armagh area. Originally it was connected to the old B2 at Cam.
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M2(NI)
When Chambers was working on the selection of a line for the North Approach Road in the mid 1940s one of his main considerations was that the new road should avoid the geology of the slip at the Throne bends where damage to the Antrim Road carriageway occurred repeatedly. He proposed that the new road should be taken under the Antrim Road at a point just below the Bellevue Arms.
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M3(NI)
A further review of the Belfast Transportation Strategy in the 1980s concluded that the construction of road and rail links across the River Lagan were essential parts of the transportation infrastructure not only for the city, but for the Province as a whole. The decision to proceed with the scheme was taken in May 1987 by the Minister Mr (later Sir) Richard Needham.
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M5(NI)
The last substantial motorway contract in the 1970s was for the 1.5 miles long M5 between Greencastle and Rush Park. in Newtownabbey.
Length: 2.41 / 1.5
Scotland
- Read an introduction to Scotland, and see its General Archive Information (Where available)
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A74(M)
The M74/A74 is one of the most important trunk routes in Scotland and the remainder of the A74 was dual carriageway to the English border. There was pressure for such an important route to be converted to full motorway standards throughout its length. Apart from the upgrading to motorway standard of the section south of Draffan the SDD in their report on roads in Scotland in 1980 said "on other sections of this road south to the Border there is continuing improvement of the dual carriageway with the addition of 1 metre hard strips and the installation in appropriate places of central reservation barriers".
Length: 20.92 / 13
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M73
This 6 mile section of motorway provides an eastern by-pass of Glasgow. It joins the A8/M8 Glasgow motorway at the Baillieston interchange. This extensive four-level structure incorporates two interchanges and provides links between the M73 and M8 (Monkland motorway), the M73 and A8 and the M8 and A89. The whole interchange covers some 55 hectares and includes 21 concrete bridges. It was officially opened in April 1972 by the Rt. Hon. George Younger.
Length: 9.66 / 6
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M74/A74(M)
Construction work on the M74 was started in 1964, and the final section opened in 2011. Initially, the M74 terminated at Elvanfoot on the A74 which was an all-purpose dual carriageway to the Scottish Border. During the 1990s, an intense period of construction upgraded this to full motorway standards, becoming the A74(M). The final section of the M74, from its northern extremity at Fullarton Road to the M8 south of Kingston bridge, was opened in 2011. In all, the 37 miles of the M74 and the 49 miles of A74(M) took some 45 years to complete. The final M6 connection on the English side of the border was opened in 2008, exactly 50 years after the first section of M6 was opened.
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M77
The joint SRC/Scottish Office M77 Ayr Road route, on an innovative "design, build and commission" contract, sought to combine the efficiencies of design and build with more efficient financing than then available under the "design, build, finance and operate model".
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M8
This route links the two largest cities in Scotland and provides connections to other towns in the Forth/Clyde Valley, Including the New Town of Livingston. At its western end there are connections with the M74 leading south to the A74 and Carlisle and thence to the English motorway system via the M6.
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M80
Prior to 2009, the M80 was split into two detached sections, the Stepps By-pass, connecting to the M8 in Glasgow, and the extension, from Haggs connecting to the M9 and the M876. In 2009, a substantial scheme was started to connect these two detached sections.
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M9
This route starts in the east at the M8 interchange at Newbridge and the first short section had to be aligned so as to provide a route clear of proposed developments at Turnhouse Airport. A mile-long motorway spur was built from this section to the southern approaches to the Forth Road Bridge. Continuing westwards the route by-passes the ancient town of Linlithgow, where Mary Queen of Scots was born, and then joins the Polmont and Falkirk by-pass.
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M90
The M90 provides a fast route between the northern end of the Forth Road Bridge and Perth. The first sections to be built were the approaches to the bridge and were opened at the same time as the bridge in 1964.
Wales
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A48(M)
The London to South Wales M4 motorway was conceived in the 1950s, and by the late 1960s it was largely complete between London and Newport. Through South Wales, the motorway was to supersede the A48, which was the main east-west link in this industrially active area.
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A55
The A55 is a showcase of the best of engineering. It is rare to find so many innovative solutions in such a compact area - the run from Chester to Bangor is under 100km but includes three tunnels, a huge variety of ground engineering techniques and novel structures.
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M4
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